What are the different ways of developing maritime transportation? What are the management costs associated with maritime transp

In the total volume of international economic trade, marine transportation accounts for more than two thirds, is the most important mode of transportation management in the development of international trade in services.fcl freight The large volume of sea transport, low cost, shipping lanes in all directions, which is a great advantage, in our country, the vast majority of countries import and export cargo information can be analyzed through the study of marine education ways and means of transport. Maritime transportation also has its shortcomings, such as slow speed, high risk of navigational safety, navigation date is not easy to be accurate.

According to the different ways of ship operation, sea transportation can be divided into liner transportation and chartered ship transportation.

A. Liner transportation

a. Characteristics of liner transportation:

(1) Liner transportation has a fixed schedule, routes,fcl lcl ports of call and relatively fixed tariffs.

(2) The loading and unloading costs are included in the liner freight, and the port loading and unloading of the liner is the responsibility of the ship.

(3) The number of cargoes carried by liner is flexible, and customers can book space according to their needs. Liner freight is used to transport general general cargo and containerized cargo.

b. Characteristics of liner freight:

(1) The liner freight rate is stipulated by the liner tariff schedule, including the basic no freight rate for enterprises and various education surcharges.sea freight The basic unit freight rates can be divided into the following two main categories: traditional breakbulk freight rates and containerized package rates.

(2)Regular liner freight rates are subject to a wide variety of surcharges, including over-length surcharges, overweight surcharges, preferred port surcharges, change of discharge port surcharges, fuel surcharge surcharges, port congestion surcharges, bypass surcharges, transshipment surcharges, and direct sailing surcharges.

(3) Container transportation costs, in addition to the above maritime transportation costs, also need to include related service fees and equipment usage fees. In addition, liner companies mix different goods in the same package and charge freight according to the higher one. Different packages in the same ticket have different charging grades and standards. If the shipper fails to indicate the gross weight and volume separately for different packages, the freight rate for the whole ticket will be charged according to the higher rate. If there are more than two different names on the same bill of lading and the shipper fails to indicate the gross weight and volume separately, it will also be charged from the higher rate.

B. Chartered Ship Transportation

Compared with liner, chartered ship is cheaper and direct route can be chosen, so bulk cargo is usually transported by chartered ship.

There are two main types of chartered transportation: time charter and time charter.

1. Scheduled chartering

Time charter is a voyage-based chartering method. The ship party must complete the transportation of Chinese goods according to the voyage stipulated in the charter party law, and is responsible for the operation cost management system of the ship and its financial expenses during the voyage. The freight rate of fixed-range chartering is generally analyzed and calculated according to the quantity of goods shipped, and there are also calculated according to the amount of voyage charter through.

The rights and obligations of the chartering parties are stipulated by the chartering transportation contract management. In the case of time charter, the contract should specify whether the ship party can bear the cost of loading and unloading the goods in the port. If the vessel does not bear the cost of loading and unloading, the time limit or rate of loading and unloading, and the corresponding demurrage and demobilization charges should be stipulated in the enterprise contract. If the charterer fails to complete the product loading and unloading personnel operations within the deadline, in order to economically compensate for the loss of the ship's resulting network delayed sailings, should be paid to the ship's existence of a certain amount of penalties, that is, demurrage. If the charterer designs and completes a loading and unloading equipment operating system in advance, the ship will pay the charterer with a certain bonus, known as speedy dispatch fee. Usually, demurrage is half of demurrage.

2. Time charter

Time chartering is a way to rent a ship for transportation at a certain time. The lessor should provide a seaworthy ship within the contractual period of the charter and bear the cost of keeping it seaworthy. During this period, the lessee can still dispatch and control the ship within the specified navigation area, but shall be responsible for all the expenses in the course of operation, such as fuel, port charges, loading and unloading charges.